The Effects of Atorvastatin and Growth Factors on Mdm2 in Lung Cells
نویسنده
چکیده
The intracellular protein p53 is important for successful cancer therapy using DNA damaging agents, such as chemotherapy. p53 becomes activated by DNA damage and in response it induces apoptosis, increased DNA repair and more. The levels of this protein are normally kept low and in an inactive state to enable the cell to proliferate and grow in the absence of DNA damage. The low levels of p53 are due to a continuous degradation regulated by the protein Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2). Activation of Mdm2, specifically through phosphorylation on the residue serine 166 (pMdm2 Ser166), is therefore associated with the cells survival. This phosphorylation is normally induced by the protein kinase B, also known as Akt. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly referred to as the statins, are widely used as cholesterol-lowering drugs. They have also been suggested to have anti-cancer effects, however little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind these observations. In this study the Western Blot technique has been used to study the effects of atorvastatin on Mdm2 in A549 cells. Statins have earlier been shown to induce Mdm2 phosphorylation on Ser166 mediated by mTOR and MEK in liver cells. This study shows that atorvastatin does the same in lung cells which suggests that this mechanism is not tissue specific. Furthermore, growth factors are known to elicit a survival response in cells. Here, the effects of growth factors on Mdm2 in A549 cells have been examined in order to investigate if this phosphorylation of Mdm2 on Ser166 is a basal mechanism in cell survival. All growth factors tested in this study (IGF-I, IGFII, EGF and TGFα) induced phosphorylation on Mdm2 Ser166, which indicates that this activation of Mdm2 could be fundamental in cell survival. Effekterna av atorvastatin och tillväxtfaktorer på Mdm2 i lungceller Sammanfattning Det intracellulära proteinet p53 är viktigt för en lyckad cancerterapi med DNA-skadande medel, såsom kemoterapi. p53 aktiveras av DNA-skada och inducerar som svar på detta apoptos, ökad DNA-reparation m.m. Nivåerna av p53 är normalt sett låga i en cell för att möjliggöra cellens överlevnad i frånvaro av DNA-skada. Nivåerna hålls låga utav en kontinuerlig nedbrytning som regleras av proteinet Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2). Aktivering av Mdm2, speciellt genom fosforylering på sidokedjan serin 166 (pMdm2 Ser166), associeras därför med cellens överlevnad. Denna fosforylering av Mdm2 induceras normalt sett av protein kinase B, även kallat Akt. 3-Hydroxy-3-metylglutaryl-koenzym A (HMG-CoA) reduktas hämmare, även kallade statiner, är vanligt använda kolesterolsänkande läkemedel. Dessa har även visat sig kunna inneha anti-cancerogena egenskaper, dock är lite känt om den molekylära mekanismen bakom dessa observationer. I den här studien har Western Blot -tekniken använts för att studera effekterna av atorvastatin på Mdm2 i A549 celler. Statiner har tidigare visats inducera fosforylering på Mdm2 Ser166 via mTOR och MEK i leverceller. Denna studie visar att atorvastatin verkar enligt samma princip i lungceller vilket indikerar att denna mekanism inte är vävnadsspecifik. Vidare, tillväxtfaktorer är kända för att utlösa ett överlevnadssvar i celler. Här har effekterna av tillväxtfaktorer på Mdm2 i A549 celler studerats i syfte att undersöka om fosforylering på Ser166 är en basal mekanism i cellens överlevnad. Alla tillväxtfaktorer som testades i denna studie (IGF-I, IGF-II, EGF och TGFα) inducerade fosforylering av Mdm2 Ser166, vilket indikerar att denna aktivering av Mdm2 skulle kunna vara fundamentalt i cellens försök att överleva.
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